Parents are often tempted to place their property in joint tenancy with one or more of their children. Because the child becomes a co-owner of the asset, the child can have easy access to the account to help the parent pay bills and manage the asset. Further, at the parent’s death, the asset automatically passes outright to the child. While this type of ownership might be convenient and the appropriate way to go for some families, it is essential to realize the potential pitfalls that come with joint ownership. Sometimes convenience comes at a high price.
WHAT IS JOINT TENANCY? First, let’s have a precise definition. Joint tenancy or "Joint Tenants with a Right of Survivorship" is a form of ownership. In this ownership, two or more persons own property, such as real estate or a stock account. During these owner’s lifetimes, they each own 100% of the asset, so that when one joint owner dies, the survivor still retains their 100% ownership interest.
THE DOWNSIDE. Putting your child’s name on your asset as joint tenant makes them a co-owner. As a result, you open the asset up to avoidable attacks and potential family conflicts. Let me give you a list of potential pitfalls of making your child a joint tenant with a right of survivorship:
* Matter of Convenience vs. Intent to Make a Gift: Much litigation arises from placing accounts in joint tenancy. The problem comes when the parent dies and the child who is joint tenant exercises the ability to claim the account. The child refuses to share with the other children. Meanwhile, the other children say the joint tenancy was merely for convenience. The other children say the parent wanted the asset divided equally, not to pass only to the one child.
Who is right? Only the dead parent knows, and the parent is no longer around to tell us the answer. Now the matter ends up in court. A judge listens to both sides. The judge then decides if the deceased parent created the joint tenancy for convenience or as a method to get the surviving joint tenant all the assets at death. This litigation is expensive and tears the family apart.
* Child’s Creditors: Making the child a joint tenant gives the child ownership rights. The child’s rights are now equal to the parent’s. While the child can now help with writing checks or making investments, the child’s creditors can now claim against the account for unpaid debts. The problem only gets worse if the child should ever file for bankruptcy.
* Child’s Access: Because the child is a co-owner, the child has complete access to financial accounts. We don’t like to think about it, but sometimes children can have problems. You've heard stories. Children empty a parent’s accounts because of mental health problems, gambling, and debts. Because you gave the child complete access to your account as co-owner, the child could spend all the money. You will have no recourse against the bank.
* Child’s Spouse: By giving the child account ownership, if the child divorces their spouse, the jointly held property could end up being drawn into the divorce litigation. The unexpected result is causing the parent unexpected expense and stress. Instead, the smart parent sets up protective Trusts protecting the inheritance from a child’s ex spouse.
* Thwarting the Will: The parents may have a well-drafted Will created by an experienced estate planning lawyer. The Will might create Trusts for the child to help shelter the parent’s gift to the child at death from the child’s creditors and spouse. By putting the asset into joint tenancy, this property instead passes directly to the child outside of the Trust, thwarting a well-crafted estate plan.
ALTERNATIVES TO JOINT TENANCY. Rather than using a joint tenancy, other options might address your goals while precluding the problems and pitfalls associated with a joint tenancy.
* Powers of Attorney. Rather than using joint tenancy with a right of survivorship, your lawyer can craft a power of attorney. This power of attorney gives the child the potential to assist the parent with the property. Most of these will be general powers of attorneys, granting the child broad powers to address a broad spectrum of matters. You could also have your lawyer prepare a special power of attorney with very narrow terms addressing only one issue, e.g., writing checks on one of your checking accounts. Most financial institutions also have preapproved special powers of attorney, crafted to apply only to that institution’s accounts.
A power of attorney makes your child your agent, but as an agent, your child’s spouse and creditors have no controls over your accounts. Should your child get divorced or file for bankruptcy, a power of attorney gives their spouse and creditors no authority to access your assets.
* Revocable Living Trust. Revocable Living Trusts are trusts created during your life into which you place your property. Generally, they are designed to avoid probate, but can also help a parent in need of a child’s assistance. The child can be made a co-trustee along with the parent. Thus, the parent maintains control, but the child can step in to help. Because the assets are owned by the parent’s Trust, not by the child as a joint owner, the child’s creditors and spouse have no claim to trust assets.
While joint tenancy with a right of survivorship is a valuable tool for estate planning, use this power wisely. Recognize potential complications. Developing an estate plan requires that your lawyer understand how you own all your property. Only then can your plan avoid being unexpectedly thwarted outside of the Will.
If you have more questions about Wills and estate planning, let us help walk you through the confusing process. We are ready to answer your questions. Feel free to contact our office at 253.858.5434 to set up an appointment today.